The Youth Self-Report (YSR) is a widely used child-report measure that assesses problem behaviors along two “broadband scales”: Internalizing and Externalizing. It also scores eight empirically based syndromes and DSM-oriented scales, and provides a summary of Total Problems. The measure assesses "Total Competency,” which is a scale comprised of competency in activities, social functioning, and school performance. It is a parallel form to the caretaker-completed Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and teacher-completed Teacher Report Form (TRF). Cross-informant reports are available.
Overview
YSR/11-18
Achenbach, T.M., & Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Administration
1. Open-ended questions
2. 3-point Likert-type scale 0=Not true, 1= Somewhat or Sometimes true, 2=Very true or Often true
| Domains | Scale | Sample Items |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Functioning | Activities | Please list hobbies, activities, and games, other than |
| sports. | ||
| Social | Please list any organizations, clubs, teams, or groups you belong to. | |
| Mood and Anxiety | Anxious/Depressed | I am nervous or tense. |
| Withdrawn/Depressed | I would rather be alone than with others. | |
| Somatic Complaints | Rashes or other skin problems. | |
| General | ||
| symptomotology | Social Problems | I am too dependent on others. |
| Thought Problems | I hear sounds or voices that other people think aren’t there. |
Training
Parallel or Alternate Forms
Youth Self-Report (YSR), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Teacher Report Form (TRF) are similar questionnaires used.
Psychometrics
The normative sample for the 2001 YSR revision consisted of 1,057 youth with the following characteristics: 52% boys and 48% girls, 32% upper-class, 53% middle-lass, 16% lower-class, 60% non-Latino White, 20% African American, 8% Latino, 11% mixed or other; 17% Northeast, 19% Midwest, 41% South, and 23% West.
T-Score Cutoffs: 65-69 (Borderline), 70+ (Clinical); No T-score >100 or <50 are generated for narrow band scales. T-cores as low as 26 are generated for Total Problems and as low as 10 for Total Competence.
| Type: | Rating | Statistics | Min | Max | Avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test-Retest | Acceptable | Pearson's r | 0.67 | 0.91 | 0.79 |
| Internal Consistency | Acceptable | Cronbach's Alpha | 0.71 | 0.95 | 0.83 |
| Inter-rater | Acceptable | Correlation between YSR &CBCL | 0.37 | 0.6 | 0.49 |
TEST-RETEST There is a correlation of 1.0 for 20 competence problems, and a .95 correlation for the 112 specific problem items, and .67-.83 for the DSM-oriented scales. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY Very good; the only alpha < .75 were on the Withdrawn/Depressed and Social Problems syndromes. INTERRATER Mean cross-informant correlation: Correlations between the YSR and the Teacher Report (TRF) averaged 0.34, ranging from .05-.54. Correlations for Self-Report (YSR) and Caregiver Report (CBCL) averaged .49, ranging from.37-.60. The correlation between Self and Caregiver ratings fall in the acceptable range, given correlations that are generally found in the literature.
Preparation for the measure included extensive literature searches, consultation with mental health professionals, and pilot testing. Content validity for this measure has been strongly supported by research, consultation, feedback, and evidence that all items are significantly discriminant between demographically similar referred and non-referred youth.
| Validity Type | Not known | Not found | Nonclincal Samples | Clinical Samples | Diverse Samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convergent/Concurrent | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Discriminant | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Sensitive to Change | Yes | yes | Yes | ||
| Intervention Effects | Yes | ||||
| Longitudinal/Maturation Effects | Yes | Yes | |||
| Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups | Yes | Yes | |||
| Factorial Validity | Yes | Yes |
1. Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C., McConaughy, S. H., & Stanger, C. (1995). Six year predictors of problems in a national sample of children and youth: I. Crossinformant syndromes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 336-347. 2. Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., McConaughy, S. H., & Stanger, C. (1995). Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 658-669.
| Not Known | Not Found | Nonclinical Samples | Clinical Samples | Diverse Samples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictive Validity: | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Postdictive Validity: | Yes | Yes |
80% correctly classified, 14% false positive, Notes: 7% false negative.
1. The psychometric information is from the manual. (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). 2. Psychometrics for this measure are very good.
Translations
| Language: | Translated | Back Translated | Reliable | Good Psychometrics | Similar Factor Structure | Norms Available | Measure Developed for this Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Spanish | Yes | Yes | |||||
| 2. French | Yes | ||||||
| 3. Tagalog | Yes | ||||||
| 4. Vietnamese | Yes | ||||||
| 5. Chinese | Yes | ||||||
| 6. American Sign Language | Yes | ||||||
| 7. Farsi | Yes | ||||||
| 8. Polish | Yes | ||||||
| 9. Russian | Yes | ||||||
| 10. Urdu | Yes |
Population Information
| Population Type: | Measure Used with Members of this Group | Members of this Group Studied in Peer-Reviewed Journals | Reliable | Good Psychometrics | Norms Available | Measure Developed for this Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Developmental disability | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 2. Disabilities | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 3. Lower socio-economic status | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 4. Rural populations | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pros & Cons/References
1. Provides DSM-IV diagnostic information. 2. Ability to obtain cross informant information from caretakers and teachers if administered in conjunction with the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form. 3. Separate norms for boys and girls. 4. Inexpensive to purchase. 5. Clinician-friendly feedback, especially with the information from graphs and narrative provided by the computer software. 6. A computer utility called “A2S” is available from ASEBA to easily export data to SPSS.
1. Can be time-consuming due to the large number of questions. 2. Potential for self-report bias due to face validity. 3. No validity scales are included with the profiles.
To obtain a full list of references, please contact ASEBA or refer to Bérubé, R.L., & Achenbach, T.M. (2001). Numbers provided are based on the manual and the author. Below is a sampling of the articles: 1. Achenbach, T.M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6-18, TRF, and YSR. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families. 2. Bérubé, R.L., & Achenbach, T.M. (2001). Bibliography of published studies using ASEBA instruments: 2001 Edition. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families. 3. Crijnen, A.A., Achenbach, T.M., & Verhulst, F.C. (1997). Comparisons of problems reported by parents of children in 12 cultures: total problems, externalizing, and internalizing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(9):1269-1277. 4. Ferndinand, R.F., Verhulst, F.C., & Wiznitzer, M. (1995). Continuity and change of selfreported problem behaviors from adolescence into young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 680-690. 5. Hudziak, J.J. (1998). DSM-IV Checklist for Childhood Disorders. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.